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Stephen Curtin




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PostPosted: Thu 14 Sep, 2017 8:07 am    Post subject:         Reply with quote

So the French, Italians, and Spanish sometimes positioned pavisiers in front of formations of crossbowmen to defend against enemy fire. This is also how I imagine the Scottish used their "aixmen". I wonder; If an enemy forced advanced on the crossbowmen's position, would these pavisiers fight with spear and shield like in earlier shieldwalls, or would they discard their pavises so as to wield their spears in both hands? As it would be impractical to wield a pavise with a pollaxe, I imagine that Scottish axe-men (assuming that my theory is correct) would abandon their targes if and when they needed to use their axes or brogit staves.

Pedro I have seen this "Adoration of the Magi" painting before, and considered bringing it up in this discussion, but I chose not to so as not to steer the conversation away from pavises. I intended to make another thread to discuss this very subject but never got around to it. When I get some time, perhaps later on this evening, I'll give my thoughts on these unusual shields.

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Iagoba Ferreira





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PostPosted: Fri 15 Sep, 2017 10:09 am    Post subject:         Reply with quote

Stephen Curtin wrote:
So the French, Italians, and Spanish sometimes positioned pavisiers in front of formations of crossbowmen to defend against enemy fire.


I would like to add the description of the metaphorical battle of the meat against the feast, before lent, as described in the Castilian "Libro del buen amor" (1330, with additions in 1343): shielded spearmen (with "frontline man spears") in front of the crossbowmen.

Quote:
1082 Puso en las delanteras muchos buenos peones,
gallinas, e perdiçes, conejos, e capones,
ánades, e lavancos, e gordos ansarones,
fazían su alarde çerca de los tisones.

1083 Éstos traíen lanzas de peón delantero,
espetos muy cumplidos de fierro e de madero,
escudábanse todos con el grand' tajadero,
en la buena yantar éstos venían primero.

1084 En pos los escudados están los ballesteros,
las ánsares, çeçinas, costados de carneros,
piernas de puerco fresco, los jamones enteros:
luego en pos aquéstos están los caballeros.

source

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Stephen Curtin




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PostPosted: Fri 15 Sep, 2017 6:32 pm    Post subject:         Reply with quote

Before I talk about the adoration of the magi painting, I'll say one quick thing about the use of the some words related to targe. In German speaking countries the word tartsche (obviously a borrowing from targe) is a synonym for schild (shield), though usually it is used to describe rectangular shields. For example a German term for pavise is setztartsche (a shield that you set up), and a hand pavise is a handtarsche (no explanation needed here). And of course in Italy there was a rectangular shaped buckler called a targa, which looks like a smaller version of a hand praise. This could possibly strengthen the idea that 15th century Scottish targes were also rectangular.

Anyway getting back to the shields from the adoration of the magi painting. Let's list the things that we know for certain about the targes from the 15th century legislations and see if the shields in the painting match.

1. It was a new or unusual design of shield that many would have been unfamiliar with, thus necessitating example being sent out to each shire.
2. It was primarily intended to defend against English arrows.
3. It was cheap; no more than the value of a hide.
4. It was made from either leather or from wood.
5. It had two handles on the back.

It isn't definite but William Patten may have been talking about these same targes when he said; "They were new boards' ends cut off, being about a foot in breadth and half a yard in length : having on the inside, handles made very cunningly of two cords".

So do the shields depicted in the painting of the adoration of the Magi adhere to these criteria? Due to the angle from which they are painted it's hard to make out their exact size and shape. We also don't know what they are made from or what sort of grip they were used with. They seem to be about the right size if we accept Patten's description, but on the other hand this means that they are fairly small and of limited use for protecting against English arrows. Neither Patten nor the legislations mention a metal boss, and this would make them more than the value of a hide. Overall I'm not sure what to make of these shields.

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Pedro Paulo Gaião




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PostPosted: Fri 15 Sep, 2017 7:30 pm    Post subject:         Reply with quote

Stephen Curtin wrote:
So the French, Italians, and Spanish sometimes positioned pavisiers in front of formations of crossbowmen to defend against enemy fire. This is also how I imagine the Scottish used their "aixmen".


We have evidence of it being used thus by the Spaniards and the Italians, but I have not yet come to find anything explicit of the French doing so in pitched battles. That is to say, it is extremely probable that actually did too, for we have illustrations of that in sieges.

Look at this images for other italians:

http://warfare2.netai.net/14/Val_di_Chiana-1363-left-bottom.htm

http://warfare2.netai.net/14/Scenes_from_the_...376-79.htm

Both of them represent italian pavesare's but you can see the second link is showing much smaller shields, so there isn't exactly something linear in the size of their shields.

I find this image representing french pavisiers protecting themselves from english longbowmen. Notice they were placed in both flanks of their formation:
https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/733172014307302091/

Another one, showing pavisiers in the front ranks:
https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/485544403548504626/

The last one his also considerably interesting because it shows pavise-armed men protecting their fellow cavalrymen. Oddly enough there is a spanish source describing pavisiers protecting a number of dismounted men-at-arms after them:

Quote:
é traían aquellos tres empavesados delante de sí, pensando que yá la gente de Don Alvaro de Estuñiga estaba dentro en la possada del Maestre ; é porque si aquello assi passasse, la gente de aquel descargassen en aquellos tres empavesados que iban delanteros, los quales por fuerza levaban consigo, é en tanto que assi descargassen en ellos, los otros se diessen á conoscer quién eran, é como venían á ayudar á los de Don Alvaro

source

I'm not so good at spanish, Iagoba can tell best, but they are basically describing what I'm saying. The source I posted above also tells about how much pavisiers would be generally seen in armies of small contingents, before they faded out of existence by 1510's, as spanish infantry adopted the swiss equipment (the portuguese were slower in these). In the poetry posted above, the last verses describes knights behind the pavisiers ("luego en pos aquéstos están los caballeros" = shortly after then [i.e. the pavisier and the crossbowmen] there were the knights).

Since I mentioned the fact that a pavisier doesn't exactly meant someone with an enormous shield, I realise that soldiers with smaller shields could be pavisiers in their own right, such as those:
http://warfare.gq/15/St-George_by_Pedro_Nisart-soldiers.htm

The 1385-1390 castillian ordinance of arms and armor tells us about shield, but doesn't mention their size (file below).

Spanish pavisier's equipment it's somehow similar to the italian ones: javelins, spears or partizans; single-handed swords also being mentioned as sidearm. Although one might think whether they would pick only one (javelin or the polearm) or both of these (some javelins+polearm), judging by my previous knowledge about spanish skirmishers and jinetes, they would generally have both. Jinetes and almugavars were expected to have 3 javelins and one spear, so this might be the case of the pavisiers too. Also, things get nasty when in the matter of throwing javelins, since it's likely there were two types of them: the dart (lighter and smaller) and the assengay, or "great dart of Spain" a javelin with the fletching of an arrow and a heavy steel point, capable of punching through mail (or so Froissart says). But doesn't mean their fighting spear could not be thrown, as you can see in this image (not contemporary) of the Battle of Higueruela:

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1B8rVDyZ8Kk/Vaz1MDY...eruela.jpg

Stephen Curtin wrote:
I wonder; If an enemy forced advanced on the crossbowmen's position, would these pavisiers fight with spear and shield like in earlier shieldwalls, or would they discard their pavises so as to wield their spears in both hands? As it would be impractical to wield a pavise with a pollaxe, I imagine that Scottish axe-men (assuming that my theory is correct) would abandon their targes if and when they needed to use their axes or brogit staves.


Not exactly the roman testudo or the germanic shieldwall, but somehow a shield-line. In the illustrations of Higueruela, they were always with their shields. If they were forced to meéle fighting, they would use their spears or their swords. I don't believe discarting a pavise in a battle would be wise (not to mention its price), so I would rather think their axes were single handed ones (the two handed being used without shield).



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PostPosted: Fri 15 Sep, 2017 7:49 pm    Post subject:         Reply with quote

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Stephen Curtin




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PostPosted: Sat 16 Sep, 2017 9:04 am    Post subject:         Reply with quote

Great stuff Pedro. I never really thought of these infantrymen with large oval shields as pavisiers before, but I suppose they are, or at the very least they seem to perform the same function.

I have to beg to differ on the issue of whether Scottish axe-men were using one or two handed axes. At least one of the legislations mention that axes can be substituted for brogit staves or short spears, and as these two weapons are poleaems I have to think that so were the axes. All the legislations which mention axe-men between 1430 and 1491, list their minimum equipment as; helmet, jack, axe, sword, and either a buckler or a targe. If you already have a sword as a sidearm, why would you want a single handed axe as your primary weapon? Wouldn't a two handed axe make more sense in this scenario? Also the adoration of the magi painting shows men armed with glaives and medium sized shields. A glaive is a two handed weapon so I'm really not sure how it was used in conjunction with a shield. The only thing that I can think of is that the shield was left hanging from a strap around the neck leaving both arms free to wield the glaive. Perhaps this is also how Scottish axe-men used their shields? The downside of using a shield like this is that is could potentially limit some of the pollaxe techniques which could otherwise be used.

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Pedro Paulo Gaião




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PostPosted: Tue 03 Oct, 2017 11:59 am    Post subject:         Reply with quote

Stephen Curtin wrote:
Before I talk about the adoration of the magi painting, I'll say one quick thing about the use of the some words related to targe. In German speaking countries the word tartsche (obviously a borrowing from targe) is a synonym for schild (shield), though usually it is used to describe rectangular shields. For example a German term for pavise is setztartsche (a shield that you set up), and a hand pavise is a handtarsche (no explanation needed here). And of course in Italy there was a rectangular shaped buckler called a targa, which looks like a smaller version of a hand praise. This could possibly strengthen the idea that 15th century Scottish targes were also rectangular.


Makes sense.

Quote:
Anyway getting back to the shields from the adoration of the magi painting. Let's list the things that we know for certain about the targes from the 15th century legislations and see if the shields in the painting match.

1. It was a new or unusual design of shield that many would have been unfamiliar with, thus necessitating example being sent out to each shire.
2. It was primarily intended to defend against English arrows.
3. It was cheap; no more than the value of a hide.
4. It was made from either leather or from wood.
5. It had two handles on the back.

It isn't definite but William Patten may have been talking about these same targes when he said; "They were new boards' ends cut off, being about a foot in breadth and half a yard in length : having on the inside, handles made very cunningly of two cords".

So do the shields depicted in the painting of the adoration of the Magi adhere to these criteria? Due to the angle from which they are painted it's hard to make out their exact size and shape. We also don't know what they are made from or what sort of grip they were used with. They seem to be about the right size if we accept Patten's description, but on the other hand this means that they are fairly small and of limited use for protecting against English arrows. Neither Patten nor the legislations mention a metal boss, and this would make them more than the value of a hide. Overall I'm not sure what to make of these shields.


Thing is: there examples of pavises made out of several wooden boards, each next to the other, instead of a single piece of wood? With the exemption of the mantlets (also called "pavises"), I don't know if we have such examples (but I'm likely to agree the targes in Patten's description were indeed mantlets, due to how the english used their cannons to destroy them). All pavises I know were also fully made of wood and painted.

Regarding the picture, I think this disposition of glaive+shield has to do with the ceremonial occasion here, rather than those actually being used for fighting.

Stephen Curtin wrote:
Great stuff Pedro. I never really thought of these infantrymen with large oval shields as pavisiers before, but I suppose they are, or at the very least they seem to perform the same function.

I have to beg to differ on the issue of whether Scottish axe-men were using one or two handed axes. At least one of the legislations mention that axes can be substituted for brogit staves or short spears, and as these two weapons are poleaems I have to think that so were the axes. All the legislations which mention axe-men between 1430 and 1491, list their minimum equipment as; helmet, jack, axe, sword, and either a buckler or a targe. If you already have a sword as a sidearm, why would you want a single handed axe as your primary weapon? Wouldn't a two handed axe make more sense in this scenario? Also the adoration of the magi painting shows men armed with glaives and medium sized shields. A glaive is a two handed weapon so I'm really not sure how it was used in conjunction with a shield. The only thing that I can think of is that the shield was left hanging from a strap around the neck leaving both arms free to wield the glaive. Perhaps this is also how Scottish axe-men used their shields? The downside of using a shield like this is that is could potentially limit some of the pollaxe techniques which could otherwise be used.


Reasonable, but the axe can deliver more energy than a sword (Machiavelli says the pikeman's arming sword is pretty useless against an armored opponent). Considering axes as not so redundant for one who already has a sword, the idea of axe+targe main combination was perhaps intended to be more effective (and axes could sometimes break or split of its head) than sword+targe. My main problem with the suggestion of those axes actually being two-handed is because it would be such a waste of money to simply throw off a pavise when you had to fight at close range.

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PostPosted: Tue 03 Oct, 2017 2:42 pm    Post subject:         Reply with quote

A few points I'd like to suggest. (Not that I have much experience but anyhow...)

1. Would it be possible that they strapped the shields to their arms and used the a isle two handed? (You know, like some Greeks did in aincent times?)
2. Perhaps I'm making an immeasurably wild stretch here, but could the axes refer to something a lot larger? Like short halberds or the like?
3. Their Scottish. My ancestors were Scottish and I've been there quite a bit. I love the place. I'm pretty sure they could use at least 5 two handed axes at once with their forefingers alone. (Assuming they had enough of Ye Olden IRN BRU to fight with, of course) Big Grin

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Stephen Curtin




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PostPosted: Tue 03 Oct, 2017 3:50 pm    Post subject:         Reply with quote

James. It is entirely possible that the axes mentioned in these legislations referred to halberds or Lochaber axes or any number of axe-like polearm. My money however is on it meaning Pollaxe. Personally i think that a shield strapped to your arm would get in the way while trying to wield a polearm, but I could be wrong. For what its worth the famous painting of the Battle of Culloden does depict one of the charging Highlanders as using a Lochaber axe in two hands while having a targe strapped to his arm.

Pedro. If they wanted a single handed weapon to better deal with armour then a mace or warhammer would have been a better choice than an axe IMO. I don't think that a single handed axe would be any better than a sword for dealing with an armoured opponent.

Pedro Paulo Gaião wrote:
My main problem with the suggestion of those axes actually being two-handed is because it would be such a waste of money to simply throw off a pavise when you had to fight at close range.


Well the legislation does specify that these "targes" be no more than the value of a hide, so perhaps they were thought of as cheap and disposable.

Another possibility is that I'm completely wrong about these targes actually being pavises, and they were more like the shields depicted in the adoration of the magi painting. Perhaps the shields were used to protect the un-armoured faces of the axe-men as they approached the enemy, but then just before contact was made, they slung their shields across their backs to free up both hands to wield their axes.

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Pedro Paulo Gaião




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PostPosted: Thu 05 Oct, 2017 9:32 am    Post subject:         Reply with quote

J. Douglas wrote:
A few points I'd like to suggest. (Not that I have much experience but anyhow...)

1. Would it be possible that they strapped the shields to their arms and used the a isle two handed? (You know, like some Greeks did in aincent times?)
2. Perhaps I'm making an immeasurably wild stretch here, but could the axes refer to something a lot larger? Like short halberds or the like?
3. Their Scottish. My ancestors were Scottish and I've been there quite a bit. I love the place. I'm pretty sure they could use at least 5 two handed axes at once with their forefingers alone. (Assuming they had enough of Ye Olden IRN BRU to fight with, of course) Big Grin


1 - Given the descriptions of some anglo-scottish battles involving shield-armed pikemen, it's possible. Arm-strapped shield didn't ended with the Macedonians. The kite shield can have a leather strapping that allows you to fight with a spear and even a dane axe (some people even believe they were used that way at Hastings). See this pike-like formation of byzantine soldiers (byzantines probably invented the kite shield themselves):
http://www.levantia.com.au/spears.html

The burgundian pikemen also had their shield in their left arm. Also, I would like to mention that those burgundian shields are mentioned as "targes" in the translations I found, by their profile is oval rather than rectangular.

"The pikeman must wear a sleeved jacket reinforced with plates, and a breastplate. His right arm should be protected by more plate armour, and his left arm by a targe (a small round shield). Since he would need both hands free to wield his weapon, the targe may have been fastened to his arm."

"The pikeman must wear a sleeved jacket reinforced with plates , and a breastplate. His right arm should be protected by more plate armour, and his left army by a targe (a small round shield). Since he would need both hands free to wield his weapon the targe may have been fastened to his arm. "

"The pikemen shall wear a shirt of mail with sleeves and breast, on the right arm on the mail bands of iron with small guards, on the left arm they'll only have the sleeve of the haubergeon, so as to wear more easily the light target they'll recieve when they'll need it."


2- They could, actually. Scots were using two handed axes as just as single-handed ones. But the styles of those shield are rather "traditional" rather than of imported style (like pollaxes), usually "irish axes" or lochamber axes. I'm not saying it's impossible they had pollaxes, it's likely they had it too! But they definitely wouldn't be as popular as the local fashion axes.
-------------------

Stephen Curtin wrote:
James. It is entirely possible that the axes mentioned in these legislations referred to halberds or Lochaber axes or any number of axe-like polearm. My money however is on it meaning Pollaxe. Personally i think that a shield strapped to your arm would get in the way while trying to wield a polearm, but I could be wrong. For what its worth the famous painting of the Battle of Culloden does depict one of the charging Highlanders as using a Lochaber axe in two hands while having a targe strapped to his arm.

Pedro. If they wanted a single handed weapon to better deal with armour then a mace or warhammer would have been a better choice than an axe IMO. I don't think that a single handed axe would be any better than a sword for dealing with an armoured opponent.


Maces were fairly of higher prices, and the case of scots is particular because the axe itself is recognized as a national weapon, in the same way as the morningstar and the flail was recognized as the traditional bohemian weapon (in the Book of Emperor Maximilian he's represented carrying a morningstar as a symbolism of his sovereignship over bohemian lands; other weapons were also representative of other principalities as well).

The mention of the axe as a traditional scottish weapon isn't limited to the english or even the anglophile Jean Froissart. The latter even saying the scottish were "masters" in some arts of axe-wielding: like picking an axe at your back and handling in fancy motion (he mentions his statement when describes a knight doing such feature in battle); it's likely that King Robert de Bruce also did this feature when he slew an English champion with his axe. I believe axe-throwing pratice was fairly popular too.

In any case, regarding efficiency against armoured opponents, the axe it objectively superior to the sword. Not only single-handed axes are mentioned with some efficiency against armoured opponents (again, Robert de Brus slain a fully armoured knight with a single stroke of his axe), but in other parts of Europe cavalrymen had axes as a popular secondary weapon against other armoured soldiers: the "horseman's axe" being the most representative of all. There is a source from another anglo-scottish battle that also says the scots were causing considerable trouble to the English due to their axes strokes (I believe I already posted it in the previous pages).

The axe can achieve superiority against the sword because it's movements rely in its momentum (weight of the head x distance of the handle == good momentum), which is basically why hammers and pollaxes were also effective against armor. There were actually swords with better momentum, like falchions, but I believe they can't do much against armor and surely aren't as good as axes at delivering energy (but are objectively better at parrying and more versatile too).

Now, regarding on pollaxes, with the exemption of the traditional styles, a continental/english style of pollaxe wasn't accessible to a soldier who isn't a man-at-arms or of the knightly classes. Using the shield in the left arm to use a weapon double-handed it's possible, but all the examples of it are always with shields that isn't too large: the exception being to the kite shield, but even this isn't especially large in the horizontal lines (where it covers your arm). The conclusions we can draw for this are the following:

Thesis 1: The axes mentioned were actually two-handed. The shield was mainly intended to protect against the arrows and was discarted when the axemen had to fight with his two-handed weapon. The fact the legislations orders cheaper shields strengthen that thesis. If the shields were smaller ones, then there would be no apparent reason to discard them, but assuming this would makes us re-think the effectiveness and use of such shields

Thesis 2: The axes were one handed and the main weapon of the axemen. Such selection was basically because the axe was more effective against armor than the sword.

I believe the first one is the most likely, due to all which was exposed in this discussion. Whether the shield was a pavise or of smaller size, perhaps we might never know unless he [/url]

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Stephen Curtin




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PostPosted: Thu 05 Oct, 2017 3:48 pm    Post subject:         Reply with quote

Pedro Paulo Gaião wrote:
Also, I would like to mention that those burgundian shields are mentioned as "targes" in the translations I found, by their profile is oval rather than rectangular.


As far as I'm aware nobody actually know what form these Burgundian targes took. The targes in the image you linked to are probably a speculative reconstruction.

Pedro Paulo Gaião wrote:
Maces were fairly of higher prices


Do you evidence for this? Judging by the materials I'd say; maces, warhammers, and axes of similar size should all cost about the same.

Pedro Paulo Gaião wrote:
Now, regarding on pollaxes, with the exemption of the traditional styles, a continental/english style of pollaxe wasn't accessible to a soldier who isn't a man-at-arms or of the knightly classes.


That's a fair point. The pollaxe was, and is, usually thought of as a gentleman's weapon, and the axe-men mentioned in Scottish legislation came from the country's yeomanry, so perhaps a Lochaber axe or another similar weapon fits better.

Pedro Paulo Gaião wrote:
Using the shield in the left arm to use a weapon double-handed it's possible, but all the examples of it are always with shields that isn't too large: the exception being to the kite shield, but even this isn't especially large in the horizontal lines (where it covers your arm).


When a kite shield is used in conjunction with a two handed weapon it isn't strapped to the arm, but rather held up by means of a strap around the neck.

Pedro Paulo Gaião wrote:
Whether the shield was a pavise or of smaller size, perhaps we might never know


Unfortunately this is most likely the case.

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Iagoba Ferreira





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PostPosted: Sat 07 Oct, 2017 5:35 am    Post subject:         Reply with quote

Spanish sources from the late XVth century and early XVIth century tend to show the pavisemen armed with darts (probably fletched javelins with "dove tail" points).

In Lope García de Salazar's "Bienandanzas e fortunas", XVth century combats between half a dozen and several dozen supporters of the low nobility families in northern Castille shows a tendency to crossbow combat from distance (like a Wild West shootout), and if the fighters got closer, pavisemen would throw darts. In some cases, hand to hand combat followed with spears, very rarely with swords. Sometimes, armoured cavalry would be present and also threw darts, to continue with spears or swords.

Of course, while attacking or defending houses, ships and towers, a very frequent kind of combat, pavises came handy too.

As bonus, some ceremonial pavises, early 1609 painting showing Ferdinand II fulfilling his feudal duties in 1476.



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Axel Schudak




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PostPosted: Tue 31 Oct, 2017 1:44 pm    Post subject:         Reply with quote

I know I am late on this Pavise-party, but here is a depiction of their usage by Hussite mercenaries during the Landhut succession wars in 1504 at the battle of Schönfeld:


Link (inline seems not to work for me):
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landshuter_Erbfolgekrieg#/media/File:Schlacht_Schoenberg.jpg


Wikipedia on the battle (sorry, only available on German):
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Wenzenbach
and war:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Succession_of_Landshut[/img]

The usage was as a mobile wall.
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Pedro Paulo Gaião




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PostPosted: Wed 01 Nov, 2017 2:22 pm    Post subject:         Reply with quote

Stephen Curtin wrote:
Pedro Paulo Gaião wrote:
Also, I would like to mention that those burgundian shields are mentioned as "targes" in the translations I found, by their profile is oval rather than rectangular.


As far as I'm aware nobody actually know what form these Burgundian targes took. The targes in the image you linked to are probably a speculative reconstruction.


I would argue otherwise, but when I checked Heath's illustration that shows a burgundian pikemen with a buckler-like targe, he admits that there isn't any contemporary artistic source showing the pikemen carrying shields (according to his speculations, probably because they weren't popular), so his construction is enterily speculative too.

Stephen Curtin wrote:
Pedro Paulo Gaião wrote:
Maces were fairly of higher prices


Do you evidence for this? Judging by the materials I'd say; maces, warhammers, and axes of similar size should all cost about the same.


I had a link showing the prices of stuff in Medieval England, but I lost it. In any case, materials isn't necessarily decisive regarding the costs of weapons and armor, since the labor and technique involved would count more. Maces, at least those I'm aware, were all flanged; the morningstars, however, were peasant's weapon in Bohemia; according to George Gush in his "Renaissance Armies", to swiss patterns, the Lucerne Hammer was a levy's weapon due to its simplicity.

Even one-handed axes could be separated into lower-classes' axes and nobility axes. I recently found a 1520's painting century showing a German noblemen with a Horseman's axe (first file below).

Complexity would increase the price, since the arms-smith would take a whole lot of time and tecninique to do a more elaborate weapon than a simple one. The result is that poorer soldiers couldn't afford weapons that were too complex or were designed for a special social class. I never saw, neither in illustrations nor in written evidence, poorer soldiers using maces, at least not what the Portuguese would call as "Maça-de-armas" (or mace-of-arms).

However, it should be noticed that we have evidence for the English longbowmen having, besides the arming swords and longsword; hatchets, mauls and battle-axes "hanging at their waists"; according to the Sire de St. Remy, ocular testimony at Agincourt. Another source also adds "becs-de-faucon" to the list of weapons.
Source: Heath, Ian. Armies of Middle Ages vol. 1. pp. 97.

Ergo sum: even if we don't have records about their prices, the fact they weren't required as part of basic soldier equipment and they were not shown in chronicles or artistic evidence support the thesis they weren't acessible to lower class' soldiers.

----------------

Iagoba Ferreira wrote:
In Lope García de Salazar's "Bienandanzas e fortunas", XVth century combats between half a dozen and several dozen supporters of the low nobility families in northern Castille shows a tendency to crossbow combat from distance (like a Wild West shootout), and if the fighters got closer, pavisemen would throw darts. In some cases, hand to hand combat followed with spears, very rarely with swords. Sometimes, armoured cavalry would be present and also threw darts, to continue with spears or swords.


This is perhaps an unrelated question but, some of the crossbowmen in Castile or Aragon actually carried personal pavises to use them as cover while shooting? I just know of the Portuguese, so I'm not inclined to do generalizations before evidence supports it. Besteiros do Conto had their own shields (If I remember correctly, all of them had one), but the Castillian Ordinance 1385 (file below) doesn't oblige the arrayed soldier to afford either armor neither pavise. Perhaps they did that because they often employed pavisiers to protect the crossbowmen, but that's just my opinion.


Iagoba Ferreira wrote:
As bonus, some ceremonial pavises, early 1609 painting showing Ferdinand II fulfilling his feudal duties in 1476.


The people represented carrying the pavises were the noblemen themselves? Was that some sort of local traditional cerimony?



 Attachment: 70.4 KB
Castile's Ordinance of 1385 [ Download ]

 Attachment: 129.99 KB
Horseman's Axe [ Download ]

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Pedro Paulo Gaião




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PostPosted: Wed 01 Nov, 2017 3:50 pm    Post subject:         Reply with quote

Axel Schudak wrote:
I know I am late on this Pavise-party, but here is a depiction of their usage by Hussite mercenaries during the Landhut succession wars in 1504 at the battle of Schönfeld:


Link (inline seems not to work for me):
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landshuter_Erbfolgekrieg#/media/File:Schlacht_Schoenberg.jpg


Wikipedia on the battle (sorry, only available on German):
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Wenzenbach
and war:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Succession_of_Landshut[/img]

The usage was as a mobile wall.


This is the very first time I see a description of post-Hussistism formation of Bohemians. I find interesting they put the shields as cover to their static formation. The polearms, although it resembles of the swedish "sword-staff" is perhaps an Ahlspiess.

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Iagoba Ferreira





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PostPosted: Fri 03 Nov, 2017 6:57 am    Post subject:         Reply with quote

Pedro Paulo Gaião wrote:


Iagoba Ferreira wrote:
In Lope García de Salazar's "Bienandanzas e fortunas", XVth century combats between half a dozen and several dozen supporters of the low nobility families in northern Castille shows a tendency to crossbow combat from distance (like a Wild West shootout), and if the fighters got closer, pavisemen would throw darts. In some cases, hand to hand combat followed with spears, very rarely with swords. Sometimes, armoured cavalry would be present and also threw darts, to continue with spears or swords.


This is perhaps an unrelated question but, some of the crossbowmen in Castile or Aragon actually carried personal pavises to use them as cover while shooting? I just know of the Portuguese, so I'm not inclined to do generalizations before evidence supports it. Besteiros do Conto had their own shields (If I remember correctly, all of them had one), but the Castillian Ordinance 1385 (file below) doesn't oblige the arrayed soldier to afford either armor neither pavise. Perhaps they did that because they often employed pavisiers to protect the crossbowmen, but that's just my opinion.


I don't know of any source mentioning Castilian crosbowmen with pavises. Seems that they depended from spearmen-pavisiers to do so.

Pedro Paulo Gaião wrote:

Iagoba Ferreira wrote:
As bonus, some ceremonial pavises, early 1609 painting showing Ferdinand II fulfilling his feudal duties in 1476.


The people represented carrying the pavises were the noblemen themselves? Was that some sort of local traditional cerimony?


Seems that it was a way to show their heraldic arms. Or maybe it was made up by the painter to show the heraldry. But in the early XVIth century there are mentions to decorative heraldic pavises, and in the North, there was still custom to go well clothed and armed (crossbows and swords for sure) to the Sunday mass, and leave the weapons in the porch. A show of status, so a big painted pavise would fit for the purpose too.
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Lafayette C Curtis




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PostPosted: Thu 16 Nov, 2017 3:52 am    Post subject:         Reply with quote

Pedro Paulo Gaião wrote:
Stephen Curtin wrote:
So the French, Italians, and Spanish sometimes positioned pavisiers in front of formations of crossbowmen to defend against enemy fire. This is also how I imagine the Scottish used their "aixmen".


We have evidence of it being used thus by the Spaniards and the Italians, but I have not yet come to find anything explicit of the French doing so in pitched battles. That is to say, it is extremely probable that actually did too, for we have illustrations of that in sieges.


The French "pavisiers" at Nogent-sur-Seine appear to have been close-combat troops (maybe spearmen), not crossbowmen. Of course the French did have crossbowmen who carried and used pavises too. But we don't seem to have any evidence for the French using a system whereby a pavise-less crossbowman was protected by a separate spear-carrying pavisier in the Italian manner. Note that the pavisiers in both of the supposedly French illustrations you posted below carried either spears or swords but not crossbows:

Quote:
I find this image representing french pavisiers protecting themselves from english longbowmen. Notice they were placed in both flanks of their formation:
https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/733172014307302091/

Another one, showing pavisiers in the front ranks:
https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/485544403548504626/
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Pedro Paulo Gaião




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PostPosted: Thu 09 Jan, 2020 12:44 pm    Post subject:         Reply with quote

It does seen plausible that French and Castilian Pavisiers were not intended to be crossbowmen. But the reason why I revived the topic relates to some mss. I found that give a point to Stephen:



Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Battle_of_Auray_2.jpg

There are lots of interesting equipment here, but the fact the French Pavisiers are armed with poleaxes (even though with one hand) is odd. The handles are shorter, of course, but I think that's artistic license instead of an actual one-handed variation (an axe specialist could give their two cents on that).

Some cavalrymen is also using this poilaxes. And, regardless of the subject of one or two handed, this figure from "The Arrival of the Pilgrims at Cologne", from the Legends of St. Ursula, a shielded warrior with a long-handled warhammer:



Source: http://www.academic-capital.net/2013/05/the-a...ne-by.html

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Radovan Geist




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PostPosted: Fri 10 Jan, 2020 12:24 am    Post subject:         Reply with quote

Ten years ago (wow, already so long!) guys from Kosice reenactment groups experimented with an efficiency of different formations using pavises. The whole article could be found here: http://www.viacassa.eu/taktika-uhorskeho-pesi...u-v-praxi/ It´s in Slovak, but using Google translator would work, methinks.
What was interesting, their experiments were informed by sources from the 2nd half of the 15th century. Some of them are quoted directly in the article. Let me summarise those that are related directly to the use of pavises on the battlefields (2nd half of 15th century, Hungary), maybe it brings some interesting information:

"Armored soldiers and soldiers with shields (large shields/pavises) demand double pay for their armor and shields because for carrying their armor and shield they need the assistance of pages and servants that need to be sustained... We use armored soldiers as a wall; they would not move from their place (on the battlefield) even if they´d all die there..."
(A letter of the Hungarian king Mathias Corvinus to the bishop of Jeger)

"When you should array 100 foot soldiers, line six with pavises in the front line, mixed with shoters from handguns or crosbows. Then, line three soldiers with pavises and three soldiers with glaives/poleaxes behind them, then seven soldiers with pavises. Bedind them, again soldiers with glaives/poleaxes, and then the flag, well protected by pavises from cavalry attacks..."
(15th century Czech general Vaclav Vlcek from Cenov)

"The whole light infantry and shooters from handguns are surrounded by armoured soldiers and shiled-bearers in a way similar to fortress, because pavises lined closely into a circle are just like fortress walls protecting infantry and the others. Those, protected behind a wall of pavises and dikes, then gush out to attack in a right time."
(A letter of the Hungarian king Mathias Corvinus to the bishop of Jeger)

"More lightly armored infantrymen attack from behind them (pavise wall) and when they´re tired or sense a more serious danger, the retire behind the armored soldiers (with shields). When they recover their strengths and courage, they wait for a right moment to attack againg."
(A letter of the Hungarian king Mathias Corvinus to the bishop of Jeger)
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Stephen Curtin




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PostPosted: Fri 10 Jan, 2020 4:41 am    Post subject:         Reply with quote

Hi Pedro. I'm glad to see that this topic still interests you. I have seen these images before but unfortunately I really don't know what to think of them. Thanks for thinking to share them here though.
Éirinn go Brách
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