[Martin Whalen]

Okay, so I have an odd question, but it's one I was thinking about today while doing my job. (weed-whacking in the hot sun all day long)

So does anyone know how, or even if, warriors from our illustrious past drank water on the battlefield? They must have gotten thirsty! By Gods, imagine fighting in the heat, even in Northern Europe you must have gotten thirsty after all that movement and stress! (in armor too!?)



Were there people on the field who supplied water to the men?

Did men carry canteens with them, or were they an unnecessary burden?

Or... Did men just suck it up and let the adrenaline numb their needs?

I'm curious.

[R D Moore]

The Bible has a good passage to help illustrate this. Read Joshua, chapter 7, verses 4 through 7. I've remembered this since I was a young lad and have kept it close and remembered it in times of danger.

[Adam D. Kent-Isaac]

They used drinking horns back then. They could be carried on a leather strap or a rope.

I think most drinking horns were used like a conventional goblet, taken out during meals, but I imagine some of them meant for mobility had a cap over them so they could hold a drink without spilling it. I think they used leather bags for storing water also.

[Greg Coffman]

Ask and ye shall receive.

by Urs Graf

I've seen similar canteens in other period artwork. Various drinking skins and flasks were probably also present. Staying hydrated is always important with physical activity and for the soldier this means marching, building fortifications or camp defenses, etc. as well as in battle. I doubt everyone carried water, some had to share. And in the breaks in action camp followers and support people probably brought up water in buckets which soldier drank out of with a cup or ladle as depcited in the movie Zulu.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyDslpeS-qQ&feature=related
[The water is at the end of this clip, though the whole movie is worth watching.]

Martin,
Do you mean Joshua 7 or Judges 7? Letting your whole force stop and drink at a water source like in Judges would only be feasible out of action since you loose whatever formation they were in and it takes a while for them all to get water and then back into formation.

Greg Coffman

[Naythan Goron]

Someone made a theory ( i believe on this forum) that solders would attack in waves and regularly fall back to the end of the line so to speak. It could be possible that the non combatants that followed the army were there at the end of the line tending the wounded and giving out food and drinks from wine skins buckets and laddels, horns, cups or bowls. there is excavated evidence of metal canteens carried by the roman legons as well as leather wine skins. (metal one in link) http://www.legionxxiv.org/equipdetails/equipsudusright.jpg

A friend of mine and regularly spar in maille, even with our armor only weighing in at 20-30lb we can only go for 10 maybe 15 min at the most. i believe that during a battle men would almost certainly fall back to the rear lines to rest for a little bit and then proceed to go back to the front lines again. the only battle i can name that solders did this was the battle of hastings... however the only thing recorded is that the cavalry went back for new spears and fresh mounts.

back in those days and to the best of my limited knowledge i believe that very seldomly would there be water actually drunk anywhere. if what my history teacher said can be creditable at all beer and wine were invented to replace the very unsafe conditions of water. i would emagine that there would be diluted beer, ale, or wine in whatever was being passed around on a battle field, not enough to get you drunk just enough to give you a taste and enough to kill whatever was in the water used to cut down the alcohol.

[Thom R.]

The English were known to use formed bottles of waxed or boiled leather - so much so that there are 14th c French manuscripts referring to how the English "liked to drink out of their shoes"

Leather makes for an odd taste but wood requires sealant. Glass is breakable/chippable and expensive. Pottery is heavy. they were all used from what I can tell. probably depends upon the station of the individual...... tr

[Craig Johnson]

In the Roman period it was considered quite crude and rough to drink straight wine. Wine was almost always mixed with water and consumed this way.

Best
Craig

[JE Sarge]

[Gabriele A. Pini]

My captain also say (and he made some studies about food for our company) that in medieval times drinking pure water wasn't the best option: in my zones there are a lot of stream that descend directly from the mountains, but I have to move only ten klom to see countries, like Milan, that depend on big streams for the water.
In this case you have to boil the water or mix it with some substances that purify it, like alcohol: certainly there was a great quantity of fermented fruit juice, like wine and cider, made to salvage how much as possible of the harvest.

I would think that with a ladle the biggest problem would be the mix of water and juices running down the chin... If it's only water it isn't a problem, but with the juices would be a little messy, and wasteful. This is were a drinking horn, with a thin section, would came handy.

Side note: the wine of the Romans had the consistency of modern honey, to better preserve it, so drink (or eat?) it pure was a sure and fast way to become intoxicated. Socrates (a Greek, i know, but the theory is the same) was know as a great drinker, able to resist to the pure wine.

[Egidijus Stonkus]

As far as I know, europeans mostly drank wine. This was their daily drink, but, of course, they had different wine for celebrations which was much stronger. It was the same way with other nations, except that they drank beer. I was told that at times of Grunwald campaign each soldier could get 4 litres of beer a day. And there isn't a single word concerning water.

As for drinking, I believe that flasks would be most convenient because you always have some water with you.

[Dan Howard]

[Bjorn Hagstrom]

[James Head]

Recently I have been getting interested in various 'power drinks' that were used throughout the various ages by different cultures.

The Greeks had something called Oxymel, which I believe was used by solders and field workers.

The Medieval Persians made Sekanjabin, which is still drank today.

And the colonial Caribbean islands invented a thirst quencher called a Switchel, which made its way back to New England and became popular there as well.

They all include a fermented component like vinegar. I won't pretend to be a medical expert, but my understanding is that vinegar is good for quenching one's thirst because it works in a similar fashion to modern Gatorade. Similarly, I have also heard that if an athlete is experiencing muscle cramps they can drink a little bit of pure pickle juice and the pain quickly goes away. This might be another example of why vinegar was included in so many refreshment drinks throughout history. And certainly, folks back then had more of a taste for vinegar since it was common for ales and other beverages to eventually ferment to the point of becoming vinegar.

A vinegar drink might sound gross at first, but if you mix it with the right ingredients it tastes very good. And surprisingly, it maintains a refreshing quality even when drank warm. I've also been weedwhacking all summer and have often brought along a small bottle of my own homemade Switchel to drink with my big bottle of ice water. I find that I don't need to drink as much pure water when I'm 'supplementing' it with Switchel.

[Elling Polden]

The Kingsmirror (1250s) state that you should drink regularly during fighting practice, but take care not to get drunk. This would suport mild beer as the drink of choice.
As for carrying, waxed leather bottles seems to have been the most common container for personal use.

[Christopher Treichel]

In Fronsberger's Kriegsbuch written in the 1560s of experience from the last bunch of decades there is a whole section on logistics including a rather detailed description of how much wine bread meat etc is required per person per day with extensive math to calculate how your army crawls on its stomach. BTW most armies drank wine back then because it lasts longer than bier... higher alcohol content. water unless it comes from a pure source is a sure and quick way of wiping out your army especially if they have been in the same location and are now defecating, urinating and washing their clothes in the same source you try to drink from. Been there done that in 2003 I had the experience of being located in Ad Diwaniya after the Iraq war phase I was over and being co located with a Regiment meant a lot of cases of diharea due to cross contamination between open water canals, sewage pits, food and washing water. Water is definitely not safe to drink. I remember a German Stein which had a joke written on the side from a town placard. something roughly like " it is against the law to urinate in the stream on Mondays and Wednesdays as Beer will be brewed on Tuesdays and Thursdays"

http://www.digitale-sammlungen.de enter Fronsberger to search his books available in the digital collection

[David Clark]

Such containers have been in use throughout history. For example, in chapter 11 of Grettis saga, Þorgeir is struck in the back by an assailant with an ax. fortunately for him, he had a leather drinking flask slung across his back, so the blow was ineffective. So, though the mentioned scenerio was not in battle, rather ambush, it does seem as though some form of beverage container was commonplace. So it only makes sense that soldiers would utilize the same containers in the field.

[Douglas S]

I had a site up a while ago about how to make a flacket, or leathern bottel. When Geocities went south, so did the info.

In short, a container was made from leather (preferably belly hide) and soaked. Then the container was pounded with sand to expand it. After it dried and the sand completely removed, the interior was coated - we used a combination of pitch and beeswax for the best effect.

[Richard Schneider]

Something that has not been mentioned in this discussion is Mead. It is an ancient drink made by many different cultures.

Recently, as part of my exercise regimen, I got to thinking about how the ancient soldier stayed hydrated on the battlefield. Remembering that not only is liquid important but also enough salt is necessary. Sweating releases water and salt and just replacing the water can lead to serious conditions including death.

My theory was that Mead could have been the sport drink of the earlier ages. What I found researching Mead online is that the alcohol level could be kept lower, the cooking process made it safer to drink than water, and indeed there is some salt that naturally occurs in honey used to make the Mead (nothing like the high level of electrolytes they put in sport drinks today). Even still, it could indeed have been a very effective restorative on the battlefield.

[David Teague]

Have you guys lost your gourds???



Just a bad word play as gourds also were used a canteens in Europe and I don't think anybody covered their use yet.

Cheers,

David

[Elling Polden]

Honey was in relatively short supply, so Mead was ususally reserved for special, festive occations. There are accounts of riots breaking out at norwegian king Magnus Erlingson's court because he could not get hold of enough mead, so that the lower ranks had to drink the regular thin ale...