Does anyone know about how heraldic banners and standards were made in the early Renaissance? Or any other time for that matter? Were they quilted, or embroidered, or painted? All of the above? What kind of materials did they use?

Are there any good surviving example someone could point me to? Everything I can find just has information on the design and heraldry, but nothing of the construction.

Thanks

Will McLean had some information focused on the later middle ages https://willscommonplacebook.blogspot.com/search/label/Ceremonial

I think the oldest surviving European banners were captured from Charles the Bold of Burgundy.

There are some examples of techniques and materials in this article

https://destrier.net/astonhall/article_medieval_painted_flags.20070501.pdf