This is really a rather vague and general question, I suppose, but how were maces made? I refer to the head of studded maces and flanged maces

I've seen some examples with bronze heads, so there was obviously some casting involved, but as for the steel ones, I get confused.

Was a socket made first and the studs were welded on? Riveted? Are the studs some sort of nails? Same goes for flanges, though I could see those as being more easy to weld if the shape is simple... But MRL's battle mace (as in Nathan's collection) well.. That's hell to weld.

Was there a large amount of grinding involved in the proudction of a mace? Flanged or otherwise...

I, too, have particularly wondered about the construction of flanged maces.